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From the creation of the universe, evolution has been a constant human behaviour. Humans always try to move to higher life standards so that their future generations can be benefitted from their decisions. This is the primary reason why immigration has become a global scenario. What they earn in a lifetime in India, they earn within 10 to 15 years abroad and also save more money there. Most of the countries like the UK, Canada, and Australia provide free education for children below 18 years of age, and the family gets free medical facilities and other benefits equivalent to their citizens. Equal opportunities schemes have benefitted many people who settle abroad. High standards of living and quality health care have given rise to the number of people immigrating to other countries.
Global labour mobility, particularly in high-skilled jobs, has escalated. The number of migrants with a tertiary degree increased nearly 130% between 1990 and 2010, while migrants of other education levels doubled, and low-skilled (primary educated) migration grew 40%. Digital labour markets and internet-based platforms that connect workers worldwide have also grown.
More than half of the high-skilled technology workers and entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley are foreign-born. Prominent firms with immigrant chief executive officers have included Google, Microsoft and Pfizer. Most high-skilled migrants have come from China and India, and the receiving countries have included the US, UK, Canada, and Australia.
This migration and resultant diaspora connections can be very important sources of brain gain. The positive impact of immigration on knowledge spillovers to the countries of immigrants’ origin has been shown for scientific publications and inventions. When researchers immigrate to the US, more patents from the US get cited by patents from the countries of immigrants’ origin and more scientific papers published in the US cite papers from the immigrants’ origin country. Sending countries gain access to technical information from their overseas community.
These spillover benefits capture only the lower bound of the overall knowledge diffusion due to immigration. The availability of information and communication technologies, and easier access to the internet and smartphones, help individuals become facilitators of knowledge. In addition, immigrants arriving from their origin countries might be better at expressing knowledge in a way that is more easily absorbed in their former homeland. These factors suggest that the amount of knowledge disseminated due to immigration could go far beyond formal scientific knowledge.
Beyond knowledge diffusion, skilled migrants serve as effective conduits for many forms of global exchange in a networked world: trade, foreign direct investment, finance, knowledge, technology, entrepreneurship, cultural norms and political views.
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